Bruijnen JMM — Hydrogen Risk — Awareness General Presentation
Opening of the document
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction of hydrogen
risk awareness
Drs. Ing. J.M.M. Bruijnen MSc TQM
SBVM
Safety Engineer – level 3 (HVK) Member Hysafe Partner van Center for Hydrogen Safety
RISK AWARENESS HYDROGEN SAFETY
November 12th 2019 Delft University of Technology.
Mr A.W.T. Niehof, LLM - Programme Director
Drs Ing J.M.M. Bruijnen, MSc, HVK Dipl - Course Director 2
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction of hydrogen
risk awareness
Drs. Ing. J.M.M. Bruijnen MSc TQM
SBVM
Safety Engineer – level 3 (HVK) Member Hysafe Partner van Center for Hydrogen Safety
RISK AWARENESS HYDROGEN SAFETY
November 12th 2019 Delft University of Technology.
Mr A.W.T. Niehof, LLM - Programme Director
Drs Ing J.M.M. Bruijnen, MSc, HVK Dipl - Course Director 2
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Full text, so the search can find this document · 15 kB of text
Topics
• Introduction Safety Policy Royal Dutch Navy • Atomic Structure Hydrogen • Physical properties Hydrogen • Hydrogen Hazards • AtEx requirements • Hazardous Area classification • Hazard identification method (Know the hazards, understand the risks) • Explosion Safety Documentation 3
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction
Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
4
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Policy Safety & Environment
Royal Dutch Navy
•
Optimum reduction of risks to loss
of life, injury and property damage.
•
Ensure a SAFE working environment.
•
Honor mutual agreement on
establishing a safety culture.
•
Learn from mistakes.
•
Be Pro active.
•
Be Compliant with law, legislation
and best practices.
5
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Energy transition
Fossil => Sustainable fuels
OES ambition Department of Defense:
Reduction of fossil fuel consumption with:
• 20% in 2030 • 50% in 2050
6
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Atomic Structure Hydrogen
7
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[7][note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
8
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The most common isotope of hydrogen,
termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.
Other forms of isotopes are:
• Deuterium • Tritium
Ref: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaterstof
Figuur 1 Ortho en Para waterstof
9
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen and Periodic Table
10
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Phase envelop
11
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
12
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Physical properties
Ref: H2Tools.org ER training
13
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties and Behavior
A gas at ambient conditions Hydrogen is a cryogen: exists as a liquid at -423°F (-253°C).
Compressing the gas does not liquefy it
No liquid phase in a compressed gaseous hydrogen storage tanks
LH2 storage at relatively low pressure (50 psi) Double walled, vacuum insulated tanks with burst disks, vents, and PRDs Molecular Hydrogen
Volumetric ratio of liquid to gas is 1:848
Compare water to steam (1:1700)
Energy content of 1kg of H2 is approximately equal to 3.5 ltr of gasoline (in BTUs) 14
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties: A Comparison
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Gasoline
Color
No
No
Yes
Toxicity
None
Some
High
Odor
Odorless
Mercaptan
Yes
Buoyancy
Relative to Air
14X
Lighter
2X
Lighter
3.75X
Heavier
Energy
by Weight
2.8X
> Gasoline
~1.2X
> Gasoline
43 MJ/kg
Energy
by Volume
4X
< Gasoline
1.5X
< Gasoline
120 MJ/Gallon
Source: California Fuel Cell Partnership
15
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Comparison of Fuel Odorants and Toxicity
Fuels
Odorant Added?
Toxic?
Hydrogen
No
No
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Yes
No
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
No
No
Propane
Yes
No
Gasoline Vapor
16
NOT NEEDED
Naturally Strong Odor
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Yes
November 18, 2019
16
% gas-to-air volume ratio
Flammability Range
17
75.0%
80
60
40
29
optimal combustion conditions
20
15.0%
10.1%
7.6%
1.4
4.0
5.0
2.1
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Propane
0
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Auto-ignition Temperature
1500° F
1,085°F
585 gr C
1,003°F
539 gr C
914°F
490 gr C
1000° F
450°F
254 gr C
500° F
0° F
Hydrogen
18
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Relative Vapor Density
Relative to Air
5
4
Hydrogen’s low vapor density
results in the gas being very buoyant compared to other fuels and vapors.
4
3
2
1.52
1
0.07
0.55
0
Hydrogen
19
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Comparison Flammability limits
20
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limit
21
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limits/
Explosion limits
22
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Hazards
23
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
18 november 2019
Ref: ISO 15196
The primary hazards and issues:
Flammability:
Thermal effects;
Pressure effects;
Easy ignitability of some mixtures;
Small size of the molecule:
Low viscosity;
High diffusion rate;
High buoyancy;
24
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The primary hazards and issues (continued):
Interactions with materials (embrittlement of certain metals);
Asphyxiation hazard if oxygen is replaced;
Hazards associated with the storage procedure:
elevated storage pressure for gas;
low temperature for cryogenic liquid;
others for other methods, like metal hydrides.
25
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Colorless
• Impossible for human
senses to detect
• Detection sensors
• Low Viscosity
• High leak rate
• Leak detection systems
• Very small molecule
(can be absorbed into
materials)
• Embrittles certain
materials; can result in
structural failure
• Ventilation
• Low Volumetric Energy
Density
• Stored at high pressures
• Storage container design
• Odorless
• Tasteless
26
• Material selection
• Pressure-relief devices
Royal Netherlands Navy Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Asphyxiant
• Potential for accumulation
in confined spaces (any gas that displaces oxygen in sufficient concentrations will not support life)
• Ventilation
• Can ignite or explode over
a wide range of
concentrations; leaks of all sizes are a concern
• Ventilation
• Wide flammability range
(4% – 75%)
27
• Leak-detection systems
• Leak-detection systems
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low ignition energy
• Minimal energy (small
spark) can ignite
• Ventilation
• Grounding
• System design/removal of possible ignition sources
• Burns with a pale blue
flame that is nearly
invisible in daylight and does not produce smoke
• Potential for undetected
flame
• Flame detectors
• Low heat emission
28
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Liquid Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low liquefying
temperature (-423°F/253°C)
• Cryogenic burns
• System design
• Lung damage
• Leak-detection systems
• Rapid phase change from
liquid to gas
• Over-pressurization
• Personal protective
equipment
• System design • Pressure-relief devices • Ventilation
• Spill may cause liquid
oxygen to form on asphalt surface 29
• Shock-sensitive surface
area
• Ventilation
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risk Assesment
30
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Each material design needs to be assessed in its own design as per EU directive 94/9/EC & 2014/34/EU (ATEX 114) Each system use needs on its work place needs to be assessed in its own use as per EU directive 1999/92/EC (ATEX 153) Documented in an Explosion safety document:
- AtEx zoning - Ignition analysis - Risk Assesment results - Action registers 31
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
18 november 2019
Project risk control
32
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety Management System
1. Danger
Identification
2. Risc
Assessment
Risc
Management
What can go wrong?
4. Improvements
What improvement/ mitigations are
required?
What is the root cause?
3. Control
What can I do to prevent it happening if it goes wrong? Is it sufficient? How effective are the controls elements?
Risc = Probability x Exposure x effect
33
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hiërarchal Danger reduction (ALARP)
Most effective
Elimininate
Replace
Isolate/Seperate
Technical Solution Organisation Procedures
Least effective
34
PPE
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Document into Explosion Safety Document Use of NPR 7910-1 guideline in 7 step approach:
1. Is a flammable liquid or gas present?
2. Are limited quantities established or is there a basis for zoning useful?
3. Which kind of danger sources are 4. Is ventilation present 5. Apply AtEx zoning 6. Estimate leak quantities 7. Determine zoning distances 35
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx zoning
36
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Meteodata (Ref Den Helder de Kooy)
Average year temp. DHR 10 gr C Airpressure 1014.9 Hpa Humidity: 78% (12 uur ‘s middags) Calculations done:
Blow down time, Max length gasplume with 4% LEL, Jet Flame, Heatflux, Explosion effects Case 6 (Hydrogen Storage 200 bar, 50 ltr) Case 1 mm lekkage (pin hole) Case 3 mm lekkage (line break) 37
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Engineering volume, mass & TNT equivalent for 200 Bar, 50 ltr gas storage
38
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 1mm leak Blow downtime
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Temperature Jet Flame
39
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 1 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 40
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Blow downttime 200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm lek Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Temperature Jet flame
41
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 3 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 42
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Overview Gasplume/ Jetflame effect results
200 Bar, 50 ltr storage Case 6
Blow
down
tijd
[s]
Leak
[mm]
Dist
plume
[m]
Dist
Dist
jetflame lethal
[m]
[m]
Dist
Bldg
[m]
Dist
First Aider
[m]
Dist
personel
[m]
Pin
hole
470
1
4.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.8
Line
break
52
3
13
6
6
6.5
7
9.5
Reference
43
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
BST method
Distance applied via Baker-Strehlow-Tang
method via interpolation from datatabel en graphics:
(Ref: ProcessSafetyProgress_v18_p235to240 1999 “A New Set of Blast Curves from Vapor Cloud Explosion”
44
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx ignition analysis
45
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
EN1127-1
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 1/3
Potential ignition source
5.1
Hot Surfaces
5.2
Flames and hot gasses
5.3
Mechanical cause sparks
5.4
Electrical Installations
5.5
Electrical circulation currents, kathodic
Equipment Surrounding
corrosion protection
5.6
46
Static electricity
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
EN1127-1
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 2/3
Potential ignition source
5.7
Lightning strikes
5.8
Electric Magnetic fields 9 kHz - 300 GHz
5.9
Elektromagnetic radiation within the reach of
Equipment Surrounding
frequency from 300 GHz - 3 x 106 GHz or
waves 1000 μm - 0,1 μm (optical spectrum 5.10
Ionic radiation
5.11
Ultrasound
5.12
Adiabatic compression
5.13
Exo thermal reactions
47
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Use of equipment
within AtEx zone
48
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Flirr thermal imaging camera
49
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Safety lamp
50
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Learned lessons from incidents
51
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Consequenties van
explosies
Older incidents:
• Propane fire and explosions, Dallas • Explosion at a chemical plant producing rocket fuel, Nevada • Fire and explosion (domino effect) at a cracking unit on a refinery site (3rd September 2000, Gonfreville l’Orcher, Havre, France).
• Explosion and fire at a chemical plant (8th June 1988, Auzouer-en-Touraine, France) • Massive explosion at a polyethylene production plant (23rd October 1989, Pasedena, Texas, USA) • Pressurized hydrogen tank rupture: a tank containing 100m3 of hydrogen at 45 bar pressure burst without any apparent reason (1991, Hanau, Frankfurt, Germany) Recent:
• Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung 23 mei 2019 • Hydrogen Gas Explosion and Fire at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. in Santa Clara 3 Juni 2019 no injuries • Recent explosions shutdown hydrogen vehicle refueling in NorCal and Norway 11 Juni 2019 No injuries
https://odin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/giada/
52
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Application of the Hazid methodology
53
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
What is a Risc?
Risc
=
Probability x Exposure x Effect
54
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Objective of the Hazid
The objectives of the HAZID procedure are to identify main hazards, to review the effectiveness of selected safety measures and, where required, to expand the safety measures in order to achieve a tolerable residual risk.
In compliance with the Seveso II Directive, besides facility safety concepts for new installations, also safety concepts for existing operational facilities have to be reviewed.
55
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Brainstorm sessions/
Check list guidewords
56
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
18 november 2019
ALARP
Demonstration
Reduce risk before
mitigation towards after mitigation
57
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Documentation
Hazid register
RI&E
Action plan/Action register Hazid report Explosion Safety document
58
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Bow Tie
Spill onto soil
Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Spill on water
Cryo Hydrogen pumping
Fire
Hydrogen Liquid/Gas
quid Hydrogen transfer
Flash fire/ Explosion
en Liquid to Gas Vaporizer
Loss of containment
Atmospheric Dispersion
Gas Hydrogen Storage
Fire
Gas compression
Atmospheric Dispersion
Gas Hydrogen transfer
Explosion
ydrogen usage in fuelcell
BLEVE Fireball
59
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risico matrix
60
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
More course material:
www.h2tools.org
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuel cells/ https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/training/code _official_training/ https://knowhy.eu/ https://hysafe.org 61
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
• Introduction Safety Policy Royal Dutch Navy • Atomic Structure Hydrogen • Physical properties Hydrogen • Hydrogen Hazards • AtEx requirements • Hazardous Area classification • Hazard identification method (Know the hazards, understand the risks) • Explosion Safety Documentation 3
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction
Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
4
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Policy Safety & Environment
Royal Dutch Navy
•
Optimum reduction of risks to loss
of life, injury and property damage.
•
Ensure a SAFE working environment.
•
Honor mutual agreement on
establishing a safety culture.
•
Learn from mistakes.
•
Be Pro active.
•
Be Compliant with law, legislation
and best practices.
5
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Energy transition
Fossil => Sustainable fuels
OES ambition Department of Defense:
Reduction of fossil fuel consumption with:
• 20% in 2030 • 50% in 2050
6
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Atomic Structure Hydrogen
7
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[7][note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
8
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The most common isotope of hydrogen,
termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.
Other forms of isotopes are:
• Deuterium • Tritium
Ref: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaterstof
Figuur 1 Ortho en Para waterstof
9
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen and Periodic Table
10
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Phase envelop
11
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
12
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Physical properties
Ref: H2Tools.org ER training
13
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties and Behavior
A gas at ambient conditions Hydrogen is a cryogen: exists as a liquid at -423°F (-253°C).
Compressing the gas does not liquefy it
No liquid phase in a compressed gaseous hydrogen storage tanks
LH2 storage at relatively low pressure (50 psi) Double walled, vacuum insulated tanks with burst disks, vents, and PRDs Molecular Hydrogen
Volumetric ratio of liquid to gas is 1:848
Compare water to steam (1:1700)
Energy content of 1kg of H2 is approximately equal to 3.5 ltr of gasoline (in BTUs) 14
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties: A Comparison
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Gasoline
Color
No
No
Yes
Toxicity
None
Some
High
Odor
Odorless
Mercaptan
Yes
Buoyancy
Relative to Air
14X
Lighter
2X
Lighter
3.75X
Heavier
Energy
by Weight
2.8X
> Gasoline
~1.2X
> Gasoline
43 MJ/kg
Energy
by Volume
4X
< Gasoline
1.5X
< Gasoline
120 MJ/Gallon
Source: California Fuel Cell Partnership
15
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Comparison of Fuel Odorants and Toxicity
Fuels
Odorant Added?
Toxic?
Hydrogen
No
No
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Yes
No
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
No
No
Propane
Yes
No
Gasoline Vapor
16
NOT NEEDED
Naturally Strong Odor
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Yes
November 18, 2019
16
% gas-to-air volume ratio
Flammability Range
17
75.0%
80
60
40
29
optimal combustion conditions
20
15.0%
10.1%
7.6%
1.4
4.0
5.0
2.1
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Propane
0
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Auto-ignition Temperature
1500° F
1,085°F
585 gr C
1,003°F
539 gr C
914°F
490 gr C
1000° F
450°F
254 gr C
500° F
0° F
Hydrogen
18
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Relative Vapor Density
Relative to Air
5
4
Hydrogen’s low vapor density
results in the gas being very buoyant compared to other fuels and vapors.
4
3
2
1.52
1
0.07
0.55
0
Hydrogen
19
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Comparison Flammability limits
20
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limit
21
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limits/
Explosion limits
22
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Hazards
23
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
18 november 2019
Ref: ISO 15196
The primary hazards and issues:
Flammability:
Thermal effects;
Pressure effects;
Easy ignitability of some mixtures;
Small size of the molecule:
Low viscosity;
High diffusion rate;
High buoyancy;
24
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The primary hazards and issues (continued):
Interactions with materials (embrittlement of certain metals);
Asphyxiation hazard if oxygen is replaced;
Hazards associated with the storage procedure:
elevated storage pressure for gas;
low temperature for cryogenic liquid;
others for other methods, like metal hydrides.
25
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Colorless
• Impossible for human
senses to detect
• Detection sensors
• Low Viscosity
• High leak rate
• Leak detection systems
• Very small molecule
(can be absorbed into
materials)
• Embrittles certain
materials; can result in
structural failure
• Ventilation
• Low Volumetric Energy
Density
• Stored at high pressures
• Storage container design
• Odorless
• Tasteless
26
• Material selection
• Pressure-relief devices
Royal Netherlands Navy Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Asphyxiant
• Potential for accumulation
in confined spaces (any gas that displaces oxygen in sufficient concentrations will not support life)
• Ventilation
• Can ignite or explode over
a wide range of
concentrations; leaks of all sizes are a concern
• Ventilation
• Wide flammability range
(4% – 75%)
27
• Leak-detection systems
• Leak-detection systems
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low ignition energy
• Minimal energy (small
spark) can ignite
• Ventilation
• Grounding
• System design/removal of possible ignition sources
• Burns with a pale blue
flame that is nearly
invisible in daylight and does not produce smoke
• Potential for undetected
flame
• Flame detectors
• Low heat emission
28
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Liquid Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low liquefying
temperature (-423°F/253°C)
• Cryogenic burns
• System design
• Lung damage
• Leak-detection systems
• Rapid phase change from
liquid to gas
• Over-pressurization
• Personal protective
equipment
• System design • Pressure-relief devices • Ventilation
• Spill may cause liquid
oxygen to form on asphalt surface 29
• Shock-sensitive surface
area
• Ventilation
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risk Assesment
30
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Each material design needs to be assessed in its own design as per EU directive 94/9/EC & 2014/34/EU (ATEX 114) Each system use needs on its work place needs to be assessed in its own use as per EU directive 1999/92/EC (ATEX 153) Documented in an Explosion safety document:
- AtEx zoning - Ignition analysis - Risk Assesment results - Action registers 31
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
18 november 2019
Project risk control
32
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety Management System
1. Danger
Identification
2. Risc
Assessment
Risc
Management
What can go wrong?
4. Improvements
What improvement/ mitigations are
required?
What is the root cause?
3. Control
What can I do to prevent it happening if it goes wrong? Is it sufficient? How effective are the controls elements?
Risc = Probability x Exposure x effect
33
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hiërarchal Danger reduction (ALARP)
Most effective
Elimininate
Replace
Isolate/Seperate
Technical Solution Organisation Procedures
Least effective
34
PPE
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Document into Explosion Safety Document Use of NPR 7910-1 guideline in 7 step approach:
1. Is a flammable liquid or gas present?
2. Are limited quantities established or is there a basis for zoning useful?
3. Which kind of danger sources are 4. Is ventilation present 5. Apply AtEx zoning 6. Estimate leak quantities 7. Determine zoning distances 35
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx zoning
36
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Meteodata (Ref Den Helder de Kooy)
Average year temp. DHR 10 gr C Airpressure 1014.9 Hpa Humidity: 78% (12 uur ‘s middags) Calculations done:
Blow down time, Max length gasplume with 4% LEL, Jet Flame, Heatflux, Explosion effects Case 6 (Hydrogen Storage 200 bar, 50 ltr) Case 1 mm lekkage (pin hole) Case 3 mm lekkage (line break) 37
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Engineering volume, mass & TNT equivalent for 200 Bar, 50 ltr gas storage
38
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 1mm leak Blow downtime
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Temperature Jet Flame
39
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 1 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 40
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Blow downttime 200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm lek Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Temperature Jet flame
41
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 3 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 42
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Overview Gasplume/ Jetflame effect results
200 Bar, 50 ltr storage Case 6
Blow
down
tijd
[s]
Leak
[mm]
Dist
plume
[m]
Dist
Dist
jetflame lethal
[m]
[m]
Dist
Bldg
[m]
Dist
First Aider
[m]
Dist
personel
[m]
Pin
hole
470
1
4.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.8
Line
break
52
3
13
6
6
6.5
7
9.5
Reference
43
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
BST method
Distance applied via Baker-Strehlow-Tang
method via interpolation from datatabel en graphics:
(Ref: ProcessSafetyProgress_v18_p235to240 1999 “A New Set of Blast Curves from Vapor Cloud Explosion”
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AtEx ignition analysis
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EN1127-1
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 1/3
Potential ignition source
5.1
Hot Surfaces
5.2
Flames and hot gasses
5.3
Mechanical cause sparks
5.4
Electrical Installations
5.5
Electrical circulation currents, kathodic
Equipment Surrounding
corrosion protection
5.6
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Static electricity
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Hydrogen Safety
EN1127-1
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 2/3
Potential ignition source
5.7
Lightning strikes
5.8
Electric Magnetic fields 9 kHz - 300 GHz
5.9
Elektromagnetic radiation within the reach of
Equipment Surrounding
frequency from 300 GHz - 3 x 106 GHz or
waves 1000 μm - 0,1 μm (optical spectrum 5.10
Ionic radiation
5.11
Ultrasound
5.12
Adiabatic compression
5.13
Exo thermal reactions
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Use of equipment
within AtEx zone
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Used equipment in the field
Flirr thermal imaging camera
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Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Safety lamp
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Learned lessons from incidents
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Consequenties van
explosies
Older incidents:
• Propane fire and explosions, Dallas • Explosion at a chemical plant producing rocket fuel, Nevada • Fire and explosion (domino effect) at a cracking unit on a refinery site (3rd September 2000, Gonfreville l’Orcher, Havre, France).
• Explosion and fire at a chemical plant (8th June 1988, Auzouer-en-Touraine, France) • Massive explosion at a polyethylene production plant (23rd October 1989, Pasedena, Texas, USA) • Pressurized hydrogen tank rupture: a tank containing 100m3 of hydrogen at 45 bar pressure burst without any apparent reason (1991, Hanau, Frankfurt, Germany) Recent:
• Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung 23 mei 2019 • Hydrogen Gas Explosion and Fire at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. in Santa Clara 3 Juni 2019 no injuries • Recent explosions shutdown hydrogen vehicle refueling in NorCal and Norway 11 Juni 2019 No injuries
https://odin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/giada/
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Application of the Hazid methodology
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What is a Risc?
Risc
=
Probability x Exposure x Effect
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Objective of the Hazid
The objectives of the HAZID procedure are to identify main hazards, to review the effectiveness of selected safety measures and, where required, to expand the safety measures in order to achieve a tolerable residual risk.
In compliance with the Seveso II Directive, besides facility safety concepts for new installations, also safety concepts for existing operational facilities have to be reviewed.
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Brainstorm sessions/
Check list guidewords
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18 november 2019
ALARP
Demonstration
Reduce risk before
mitigation towards after mitigation
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Documentation
Hazid register
RI&E
Action plan/Action register Hazid report Explosion Safety document
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Bow Tie
Spill onto soil
Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Spill on water
Cryo Hydrogen pumping
Fire
Hydrogen Liquid/Gas
quid Hydrogen transfer
Flash fire/ Explosion
en Liquid to Gas Vaporizer
Loss of containment
Atmospheric Dispersion
Gas Hydrogen Storage
Fire
Gas compression
Atmospheric Dispersion
Gas Hydrogen transfer
Explosion
ydrogen usage in fuelcell
BLEVE Fireball
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Risico matrix
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More course material:
www.h2tools.org
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuel cells/ https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/training/code _official_training/ https://knowhy.eu/ https://hysafe.org 61
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