Dutch Armed Forces — Lecture Notes — 2020 — 05
Opening of the document
HYDROGEN SAFETY
PRACTICAL TRAINING DAYS
May 2020
SCBRNDCBV School
Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear Defense School Chemische, Biologische, Radiologische en Nucleaire Verdediging, Damage Control en Bedrijfsveiligheid
Mr A.W.T. Niehof, LLM - Programme Director
Drs Ing J.M.M. Bruijnen, MSc, HVK Dipl - Course Director SMJR S.W. Elting, LTZ2 A.J. Zwart, KLTZ H. Boomstra, Prof A.E. Dahoe
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction to Hydrogen
Risk Awareness
PRACTICAL TRAINING DAYS
May 2020
SCBRNDCBV School
Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear Defense School Chemische, Biologische, Radiologische en Nucleaire Verdediging, Damage Control en Bedrijfsveiligheid
Mr A.W.T. Niehof, LLM - Programme Director
Drs Ing J.M.M. Bruijnen, MSc, HVK Dipl - Course Director SMJR S.W. Elting, LTZ2 A.J. Zwart, KLTZ H. Boomstra, Prof A.E. Dahoe
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction to Hydrogen
Risk Awareness
Full text, so the search can find this document · 15 kB of text
Drs. Ing. J.M.M. Bruijnen MSc TQM
SBVM
Safety Engineer – level 3 (HVK)
Member Hysafe Partner van Center for Hydrogen Safety
Introduction
• Meeting point – Pyromaan
• Ontmoetingspunt – Pyromaan • Covid 19 Checklist • Covid 19 Checklijst • Move to Lessons Area, Registration • Naar de leslokaal, Registratie • Introduction, Setting expectations of the day • Introductie, Verwachtingen van de dag • Goal of the pracital training • Doe van de praktijk training 3
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Covid 19 checklijst
(RIVM)
4
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Topics/ Onderwerpen
• Introduction Safety Policy Royal Dutch Navy • Introductie Veiligheids Beleid Koninklijke Marine • Atomic Structure Hydrogen • Atoom structuur Waterstof • Physical properties Hydrogen • Fysieke eigenschappen Waterstof • Hydrogen Hazards • Waterstof Gevaren • Prevention - ATEX legislation • Prevention – ATEX wetgeving
5
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Topics/ Onderwerpen
• Hazardous Area classification • Gevaren zone indeling • Hazard Identification method (Know the hazards, understand the risks) • Gevaren identificatie methode • Explosion Safety Documentation • Explosie Veiligheid Document • Company Emergency Plan/ First Responders plan • Bedrijfsnoodplan/ BHV-plan
6
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Topics/ Onderwerpen
• Hazard Event
• Gevaren gebeurtenis • Physical Effects • Fysieke Effecten
7
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction
Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
8
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Policy Safety & Environment
Royal Dutch Navy
• Optimum reduction of risks to loss of life, injury and property damage.
• Ensure a SAFE working environment.
• Honor mutual agreement on establishing a safety culture.
• Learn from mistakes.
• Be Pro active.
• Be Compliant with law, legislation and best practices.
9
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Energy transition
Fossil => Sustainable fuels
OES ambition Department of Defense:
Reduction of fossil fuel consumption with:
•20% in 2030 •50% in 2050
10
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Atomic Structure Hydrogen
11
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[7][note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
12
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The most common isotope of hydrogen,
termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.
Other forms of isotopes are:
•Deuterium •Tritium
Ref: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaterstof
Figuur 1 Ortho en Para waterstof
13
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen and Periodic Table
14
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Phase envelop
15
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
16
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Physical properties
Ref: H2Tools.org ER training
17
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties and Behavior
A gas at ambient conditions Hydrogen is a cryogen: exists as a liquid at -423°F (-253°C).
Compressing the gas does not liquefy it No liquid phase in a compressed gaseous hydrogen storage tanks
LH2 storage at relatively low pressure (50 psi) Double walled, vacuum insulated tanks with burst disks, vents, and PRDs Molecular Hydrogen
Volumetric ratio of liquid to gas is 1:848
Compare water to steam (1:1700)
Energy content of 1kg of H2 is approximately equal to 3.5 ltr of gasoline (in BTUs) 18
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties: A Comparison
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Gasoline
Color
No
No
Yes
Toxicity
None
Some
High
Odor
Odorless
Mercaptan
Yes
Buoyancy
Relative to Air
14X
Lighter
2X
Lighter
3.75X
Heavier
Energy
by Weight
2.8X
> Gasoline
~1.2X
> Gasoline
43 MJ/kg
Energy
by Volume
4X
< Gasoline
1.5X
< Gasoline
120 MJ/Gallon
Source: California Fuel Cell Partnership
19
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Comparison of Fuel Odorants and Toxicity
Fuels
Odorant Added?
Toxic?
Hydrogen
No
No
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Yes
No
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
No
No
Propane
Yes
No
Gasoline Vapor
20
NOT NEEDED
Naturally Strong Odor
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Yes
May 21, 2020
20
% gas-to-air volume ratio
Flammability Range
21
75.0%
80
60
40
29
optimal combustion conditions
20
15.0%
10.1%
7.6%
1.4
4.0
5.0
2.1
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Propane
0
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Auto-ignition Temperature
1500° F
1,085°F
585 gr C
1,003°F
539 gr C
914°F
490 gr C
1000° F
450°F
254 gr C
500° F
0° F
Hydrogen
22
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Relative Vapor Density
Relative to Air
5
4
Hydrogen’s low vapor density
results in the gas being very buoyant compared to other fuels and vapors.
4
3
2
1.52
1
0.07
0.55
0
Hydrogen
23
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Comparison Flammability limits
24
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limit
25
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limits/
Explosion limits
26
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Hazards
27
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
21 mei 2020
Ref: ISO 15196
The primary hazards and issues:
Flammability:
Thermal effects;
Pressure effects;
Easy ignitability of some mixtures;
Small size of the molecule:
Low viscosity;
High diffusion rate;
High buoyancy;
28
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The primary hazards and issues (continued):
Interactions with materials (embrittlement of certain metals);
Asphyxiation hazard if oxygen is replaced;
Hazards associated with the storage procedure:
elevated storage pressure for gas;
low temperature for cryogenic liquid;
others for other methods, like metal hydrides.
29
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Colorless
• Impossible for human
senses to detect
• Detection sensors
• Low Viscosity
• High leak rate
• Leak detection systems
• Very small molecule
(can be absorbed into
materials)
• Embrittles certain
materials; can result in
structural failure
• Ventilation
• Low Volumetric Energy
Density
• Stored at high pressures
• Storage container design
• Odorless
• Tasteless
30
• Material selection
• Pressure-relief devices
Royal Netherlands Navy Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
31
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low ignition energy
• Minimal energy (small
spark) can ignite
• Ventilation
• Grounding
• System design/removal of possible ignition sources
• Burns with a pale blue
flame that is nearly
invisible in daylight and does not produce smoke
• Potential for undetected
flame
• Flame detectors
• Low heat emission
32
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Liquid Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low liquefying
temperature (-423°F/253°C)
• Cryogenic burns
• System design
• Lung damage
• Leak-detection systems
• Rapid phase change from
liquid to gas
• Over-pressurization
• Personal protective
equipment
• System design • Pressure-relief devices • Ventilation
• Spill may cause liquid
oxygen to form on asphalt surface 33
• Shock-sensitive surface
area
• Ventilation
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risk Assesment
34
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Each material design needs to be assessed in its own design as per EU directive 94/9/EC & 2014/34/EU (ATEX 114) Each system use needs on its work place needs to be assessed in its own use as per EU directive 1999/92/EC (ATEX 153) Documented in an Explosion safety document:
-AtEx zoning -Ignition analysis -Risk Assesment results -Action registers 35
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
21 mei 2020
Project risk control
36
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety Management System
1. Danger
Identification
2. Risc
Assessment
Risc
Management
What can go wrong?
4. Improvements
What improvement/ mitigations are
required?
What is the root cause?
3. Control
What can I do to prevent it happening if it goes wrong? Is it sufficient? How effective are the controls elements?
Risc = Probability x Exposure x effect
37
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hiërarchal Danger reduction (ALARP)
Most effective
Elimininate
Replace
Isolate/Seperate
Technical Solution Organisation Procedures
Least effective
38
PPE
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Document into Explosion Safety Document Use of NPR 7910-1 guideline in 7 step approach:
1.Is a flammable liquid or gas present?
2.Are limited quantities established or is there a basis for zoning useful?
3.Which kind of danger sources are 4.Is ventilation present 5.Apply AtEx zoning 6.Estimate leak quantities 7.Determine zoning distances 39
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx zoning
40
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Meteodata (Ref Den Helder de Kooy)
Average year temp. DHR 10 gr C Airpressure 1014.9 Hpa Humidity: 78% (12 uur ‘s middags) Calculations done:
Blow down time, Max length gasplume with 4% LEL, Jet Flame, Heatflux, Explosion effects Case 6 (Hydrogen Storage 200 bar, 50 ltr) Case 1 mm lekkage (pin hole) Case 3 mm lekkage (line break) 41
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Engineering volume, mass & TNT equivalent for 200 Bar, 50 ltr gas storage
42
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 1mm leak Blow downtime
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Temperature Jet Flame
43
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 1 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 44
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Blow downttime
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm lek Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Temperature Jet flame
45
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 3 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 46
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Overview Gasplume/ Jetflame effect results
200 Bar, 50 ltr storage Case 6
Blow
down
tijd
[s]
Leak
[mm]
Dist
plume
[m]
Dist
Dist
jetflame lethal
[m]
[m]
Dist
Bldg
[m]
Dist
First Aider
[m]
Dist
personel
[m]
Pin
hole
470
1
4.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.8
Line
break
52
3
13
6
6
6.5
7
9.5
Reference
47
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
BST method
Distance applied via Baker-Strehlow-Tang method via interpolation from datatabel en graphics:
(Ref: ProcessSafetyProgress_v18_p235to240 1999 “A New Set of Blast Curves from Vapor Cloud Explosion”
48
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx ignition analysis
49
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 1/3
50
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 2/3
51
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Use of equipment
within AtEx zone
52
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Flirr thermal imaging camera
53
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Safety lamp
54
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Learned lessons from incidents
55
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Consequenties van
explosies
Older incidents:
•Propane fire and explosions, Dallas •Explosion at a chemical plant producing rocket fuel, Nevada •Fire and explosion (domino effect) at a cracking unit on a refinery site (3rd September 2000, Gonfreville l’Orcher, Havre, France).
•Explosion and fire at a chemical plant (8th June 1988, Auzouer-en-Touraine, France) •Massive explosion at a polyethylene production plant (23rd October 1989, Pasedena, Texas, USA) •Pressurized hydrogen tank rupture: a tank containing 100m3 of hydrogen at 45 bar pressure burst without any apparent reason (1991, Hanau, Frankfurt, Germany) Recent:
•Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung 23 mei 2019 •Hydrogen Gas Explosion and Fire at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. in Santa Clara 3 Juni 2019 no injuries •Recent explosions shutdown hydrogen vehicle refueling in NorCal and Norway 11 Juni 2019 No injuries
https://odin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/giada/
56
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Application of the Hazid methodology
57
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
What is a Risc?
Risc
=
Probability x Exposure x Effect
58
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Objective of the Hazid
The objectives of the HAZID procedure are to identify main hazards, to review the effectiveness of selected safety measures and, where required, to expand the safety measures in order to achieve a tolerable residual risk.
In compliance with the Seveso II Directive, besides facility safety concepts for new installations, also safety concepts for existing operational facilities have to be reviewed.
59
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Brainstorm sessions/
Check list guidewords
60
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
21 mei 2020
ALARP
Demonstration
Reduce risk before
mitigation towards after mitigation
61
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Documentation
Hazid register
RI&E
Action plan/Action register Hazid report Explosion Safety document
62
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Bow Tie
63
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risico matrix
64
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
More course material:
www.h2tools.org
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuel cells/ https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/training/code _official_training/ https://knowhy.eu/ https://hysafe.org 65
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
SBVM
Safety Engineer – level 3 (HVK)
Member Hysafe Partner van Center for Hydrogen Safety
Introduction
• Meeting point – Pyromaan
• Ontmoetingspunt – Pyromaan • Covid 19 Checklist • Covid 19 Checklijst • Move to Lessons Area, Registration • Naar de leslokaal, Registratie • Introduction, Setting expectations of the day • Introductie, Verwachtingen van de dag • Goal of the pracital training • Doe van de praktijk training 3
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Covid 19 checklijst
(RIVM)
4
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Topics/ Onderwerpen
• Introduction Safety Policy Royal Dutch Navy • Introductie Veiligheids Beleid Koninklijke Marine • Atomic Structure Hydrogen • Atoom structuur Waterstof • Physical properties Hydrogen • Fysieke eigenschappen Waterstof • Hydrogen Hazards • Waterstof Gevaren • Prevention - ATEX legislation • Prevention – ATEX wetgeving
5
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Topics/ Onderwerpen
• Hazardous Area classification • Gevaren zone indeling • Hazard Identification method (Know the hazards, understand the risks) • Gevaren identificatie methode • Explosion Safety Documentation • Explosie Veiligheid Document • Company Emergency Plan/ First Responders plan • Bedrijfsnoodplan/ BHV-plan
6
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Topics/ Onderwerpen
• Hazard Event
• Gevaren gebeurtenis • Physical Effects • Fysieke Effecten
7
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Introduction
Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
8
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Policy Safety & Environment
Royal Dutch Navy
• Optimum reduction of risks to loss of life, injury and property damage.
• Ensure a SAFE working environment.
• Honor mutual agreement on establishing a safety culture.
• Learn from mistakes.
• Be Pro active.
• Be Compliant with law, legislation and best practices.
9
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Energy transition
Fossil => Sustainable fuels
OES ambition Department of Defense:
Reduction of fossil fuel consumption with:
•20% in 2030 •50% in 2050
10
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Atomic Structure Hydrogen
11
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[7][note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
12
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The most common isotope of hydrogen,
termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.
Other forms of isotopes are:
•Deuterium •Tritium
Ref: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaterstof
Figuur 1 Ortho en Para waterstof
13
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen and Periodic Table
14
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Phase envelop
15
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
16
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Physical properties
Ref: H2Tools.org ER training
17
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties and Behavior
A gas at ambient conditions Hydrogen is a cryogen: exists as a liquid at -423°F (-253°C).
Compressing the gas does not liquefy it No liquid phase in a compressed gaseous hydrogen storage tanks
LH2 storage at relatively low pressure (50 psi) Double walled, vacuum insulated tanks with burst disks, vents, and PRDs Molecular Hydrogen
Volumetric ratio of liquid to gas is 1:848
Compare water to steam (1:1700)
Energy content of 1kg of H2 is approximately equal to 3.5 ltr of gasoline (in BTUs) 18
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Properties: A Comparison
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Gasoline
Color
No
No
Yes
Toxicity
None
Some
High
Odor
Odorless
Mercaptan
Yes
Buoyancy
Relative to Air
14X
Lighter
2X
Lighter
3.75X
Heavier
Energy
by Weight
2.8X
> Gasoline
~1.2X
> Gasoline
43 MJ/kg
Energy
by Volume
4X
< Gasoline
1.5X
< Gasoline
120 MJ/Gallon
Source: California Fuel Cell Partnership
19
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Comparison of Fuel Odorants and Toxicity
Fuels
Odorant Added?
Toxic?
Hydrogen
No
No
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Yes
No
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
No
No
Propane
Yes
No
Gasoline Vapor
20
NOT NEEDED
Naturally Strong Odor
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Yes
May 21, 2020
20
% gas-to-air volume ratio
Flammability Range
21
75.0%
80
60
40
29
optimal combustion conditions
20
15.0%
10.1%
7.6%
1.4
4.0
5.0
2.1
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Propane
0
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Auto-ignition Temperature
1500° F
1,085°F
585 gr C
1,003°F
539 gr C
914°F
490 gr C
1000° F
450°F
254 gr C
500° F
0° F
Hydrogen
22
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Relative Vapor Density
Relative to Air
5
4
Hydrogen’s low vapor density
results in the gas being very buoyant compared to other fuels and vapors.
4
3
2
1.52
1
0.07
0.55
0
Hydrogen
23
Natural Gas
Propane
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Gasoline Vapor
Comparison Flammability limits
24
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limit
25
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Flammability limits/
Explosion limits
26
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Hazards
27
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
21 mei 2020
Ref: ISO 15196
The primary hazards and issues:
Flammability:
Thermal effects;
Pressure effects;
Easy ignitability of some mixtures;
Small size of the molecule:
Low viscosity;
High diffusion rate;
High buoyancy;
28
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
The primary hazards and issues (continued):
Interactions with materials (embrittlement of certain metals);
Asphyxiation hazard if oxygen is replaced;
Hazards associated with the storage procedure:
elevated storage pressure for gas;
low temperature for cryogenic liquid;
others for other methods, like metal hydrides.
29
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Colorless
• Impossible for human
senses to detect
• Detection sensors
• Low Viscosity
• High leak rate
• Leak detection systems
• Very small molecule
(can be absorbed into
materials)
• Embrittles certain
materials; can result in
structural failure
• Ventilation
• Low Volumetric Energy
Density
• Stored at high pressures
• Storage container design
• Odorless
• Tasteless
30
• Material selection
• Pressure-relief devices
Royal Netherlands Navy Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
31
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Gaseous Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low ignition energy
• Minimal energy (small
spark) can ignite
• Ventilation
• Grounding
• System design/removal of possible ignition sources
• Burns with a pale blue
flame that is nearly
invisible in daylight and does not produce smoke
• Potential for undetected
flame
• Flame detectors
• Low heat emission
32
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Designing Safe Systems – Liquid Hydrogen
Characteristic
Potential Hazard
Control
• Low liquefying
temperature (-423°F/253°C)
• Cryogenic burns
• System design
• Lung damage
• Leak-detection systems
• Rapid phase change from
liquid to gas
• Over-pressurization
• Personal protective
equipment
• System design • Pressure-relief devices • Ventilation
• Spill may cause liquid
oxygen to form on asphalt surface 33
• Shock-sensitive surface
area
• Ventilation
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risk Assesment
34
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Each material design needs to be assessed in its own design as per EU directive 94/9/EC & 2014/34/EU (ATEX 114) Each system use needs on its work place needs to be assessed in its own use as per EU directive 1999/92/EC (ATEX 153) Documented in an Explosion safety document:
-AtEx zoning -Ignition analysis -Risk Assesment results -Action registers 35
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
21 mei 2020
Project risk control
36
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety Management System
1. Danger
Identification
2. Risc
Assessment
Risc
Management
What can go wrong?
4. Improvements
What improvement/ mitigations are
required?
What is the root cause?
3. Control
What can I do to prevent it happening if it goes wrong? Is it sufficient? How effective are the controls elements?
Risc = Probability x Exposure x effect
37
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Hiërarchal Danger reduction (ALARP)
Most effective
Elimininate
Replace
Isolate/Seperate
Technical Solution Organisation Procedures
Least effective
38
PPE
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Prevention of ignition sources
Document into Explosion Safety Document Use of NPR 7910-1 guideline in 7 step approach:
1.Is a flammable liquid or gas present?
2.Are limited quantities established or is there a basis for zoning useful?
3.Which kind of danger sources are 4.Is ventilation present 5.Apply AtEx zoning 6.Estimate leak quantities 7.Determine zoning distances 39
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx zoning
40
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Meteodata (Ref Den Helder de Kooy)
Average year temp. DHR 10 gr C Airpressure 1014.9 Hpa Humidity: 78% (12 uur ‘s middags) Calculations done:
Blow down time, Max length gasplume with 4% LEL, Jet Flame, Heatflux, Explosion effects Case 6 (Hydrogen Storage 200 bar, 50 ltr) Case 1 mm lekkage (pin hole) Case 3 mm lekkage (line break) 41
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Engineering volume, mass & TNT equivalent for 200 Bar, 50 ltr gas storage
42
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 1mm leak Blow downtime
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 1 mm leak Temperature Jet Flame
43
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 1 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 44
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Blow downttime
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm lek Gasplume
200 Bar 50 ltr 3 mm leak Temperature Jet flame
45
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Safety plot Heatflux for jetflame 200 bar 50 ltr tank, 3 mm leak
Legend:
1 KW/m2 personnel
3 KW/m2 first aiders 10 KW/m2 effect buildings 35 KW/m2 lethal 46
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Overview Gasplume/ Jetflame effect results
200 Bar, 50 ltr storage Case 6
Blow
down
tijd
[s]
Leak
[mm]
Dist
plume
[m]
Dist
Dist
jetflame lethal
[m]
[m]
Dist
Bldg
[m]
Dist
First Aider
[m]
Dist
personel
[m]
Pin
hole
470
1
4.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.8
Line
break
52
3
13
6
6
6.5
7
9.5
Reference
47
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
BST method
Distance applied via Baker-Strehlow-Tang method via interpolation from datatabel en graphics:
(Ref: ProcessSafetyProgress_v18_p235to240 1999 “A New Set of Blast Curves from Vapor Cloud Explosion”
48
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
AtEx ignition analysis
49
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 1/3
50
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Ignition analysis EN1127-1 2/3
51
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Use of equipment
within AtEx zone
52
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Flirr thermal imaging camera
53
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Used equipment in the field
Safety lamp
54
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Learned lessons from incidents
55
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Consequenties van
explosies
Older incidents:
•Propane fire and explosions, Dallas •Explosion at a chemical plant producing rocket fuel, Nevada •Fire and explosion (domino effect) at a cracking unit on a refinery site (3rd September 2000, Gonfreville l’Orcher, Havre, France).
•Explosion and fire at a chemical plant (8th June 1988, Auzouer-en-Touraine, France) •Massive explosion at a polyethylene production plant (23rd October 1989, Pasedena, Texas, USA) •Pressurized hydrogen tank rupture: a tank containing 100m3 of hydrogen at 45 bar pressure burst without any apparent reason (1991, Hanau, Frankfurt, Germany) Recent:
•Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung 23 mei 2019 •Hydrogen Gas Explosion and Fire at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. in Santa Clara 3 Juni 2019 no injuries •Recent explosions shutdown hydrogen vehicle refueling in NorCal and Norway 11 Juni 2019 No injuries
https://odin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/giada/
56
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Application of the Hazid methodology
57
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
What is a Risc?
Risc
=
Probability x Exposure x Effect
58
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Objective of the Hazid
The objectives of the HAZID procedure are to identify main hazards, to review the effectiveness of selected safety measures and, where required, to expand the safety measures in order to achieve a tolerable residual risk.
In compliance with the Seveso II Directive, besides facility safety concepts for new installations, also safety concepts for existing operational facilities have to be reviewed.
59
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Brainstorm sessions/
Check list guidewords
60
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
21 mei 2020
ALARP
Demonstration
Reduce risk before
mitigation towards after mitigation
61
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Documentation
Hazid register
RI&E
Action plan/Action register Hazid report Explosion Safety document
62
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Bow Tie
63
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
Risico matrix
64
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety
More course material:
www.h2tools.org
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuel cells/ https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/training/code _official_training/ https://knowhy.eu/ https://hysafe.org 65
Royal Netherlands Navy
Hydrogen Safety